| Solution
|
Concentration
|
Preparation
|
| Acetic Acid
|
0.5 M
|
28.5 cm3 of 17 M HC2H3O2 per dm3
|
| Ammonium Hydroxide
|
6.0 M
|
400 cm3 of 15 M NH4OH per dm3
|
| Barium Chloride
|
0.1 M
|
24.4 g of BaCl2 • 2H2O per dm3
|
| Calcium Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
23.6 g of Ca(NO3)2 • 4H2O per dm3
|
| Chlorine Water
|
37.5 cm3 of 5% NaClO (commercial bleach) + 200 cm3 water
+ about 9 cm3 of 6 M HCl to get the greenish-yellow Chlorine color
|
| Copper (II) Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
24.4 g of Cu(NO3)2 • 3H2O per dm3
|
| Hydrochloric Acid
|
0.1 M
|
8.55 cm3 of 12 M HCl per dm3
|
| Iodine
|
0.05 M
|
Dissolve 12.7 g of I2 and 5.3 g of KI in 250 ml of H2O.
Dilute to 1 liter
|
| Iron (III) Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
40.8 g of Fe(NO3)3 • 9H2O per dm3
|
| Lead Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
33.1 g of Pb(NO3)2 per dm3
|
| Limewater
|
Prepare 0.02 M Calcium Hydroxide
|
| Magnesium Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
25.6 g of Mg(NO3)2 • 6H2O per dm3
|
| Nitric Acid
|
6.0 M
|
375 cm3 of 18 M HNO3 per dm3
|
| Potassium Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
10.1 g of KNO3 per dm3
|
| Potassium Permanganate
|
0.02 M
|
3.16 g of KMNO4 per dm3
|
| Silver Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
17 g of AgNO3 per dm3
|
| Sodium Chloride
|
0.1 M
|
5.85 g of NaCl per dm3
|
| Sodium Chloride
|
Saturated
|
357 g of NaCl per dm3 of cold water
|
| Sodium Hydroxide
|
0.2 M
|
8.0 g of NaOH per dm3
|
| Sodium Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
8.5 g of NaNO3 per dm3
|
| Silver Sulfate
|
2.0 M
|
284 g of NaSO4 per dm3
|
| Sulfuric Acid
|
3.0 M
|
167 cm3 of 18 M H2SO4 per dm3
|
| Sulfuric Acid
|
0.25 M
|
14.0 cm3 of 18 M H2SO4 per dm3
|
| Zinc Nitrate
|
0.1 M
|
29 g of Zn(NO3)2 • 6H2O per dm3
|
|
Denatured Alcohol
|
Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has additives to make it poisonous or unpalatable − undrinkable. Denatured alcohol is a public policy compromise. Because of taxes and tarrifs, normal "alcohol" − which in everyday language refers to ethanol suitable for human consumption − is usually very expensive. If pure ethanol were made cheaply available as a fuel or solvent, people would drink it.
Denatured alcohol provides a cheap solution for the legitimate use of ethanol as a "chemical" substance. The process creates an ethanol-containing solution who's chemical properties are similar to ethanol.
The additives make it difficult to use distillation or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation. Ten percent methanol is commonly used because its boiling point (65 oC) is close to that of ethanol (78 oC) and it is toxic. Other additives may include isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and denatonium. In many countries (not the U.S.), denatured alcohol must be dyed blue or purple.
Completely denatured alcohol must be made in accordance with the following formulation:
"For every 90 parts by volume of ethanol mix 9.5 parts by volume of wood naphtha (methanol), or a substitute for wood naphtha, and 0.5 parts by volume of crude pyridine (has a noxious smell), and to the resulting mixture add mineral naphtha (petroleum oil with a boiling point over 100 oC) in the proportion of 3.75 litres to every 1000 litres of the mixture and synthetic organic dye (methyl violet) in the proportion of 1.5 grams to every 1000 litres of the mixture."
|
