Civil War Era:

• Would break up 5 Civilized Tribes
• Destroy their governments
• Cost them their land

• Once used throughout U.S.
  • Died out in the north.
  • No large farms
  • Plenty of immigrant workers
   
• Still used in the south.
  • Slaves used on plantations
  • Main crop was cotton
   
• In 1820, the U.S. had 22 states
  • 11 free states (no slaves)
  • 11 slave states
  • U.S. Senate equal number of slave/ free Senators
  • House of Representatives - controlled by free Congressmen
   
• 1818 - Missouri Territory applied for statehood.
  • Missouri wanted slavery.
  • Would upset the balance in the Senate.
   
• 1820 - Missouri Compromise
  • Missouri added as slave state.
  • Line drawn from Missouri south border across rest of Louisiana Purchase territory.
  • Slavery allowed south of the line.
   
• Late 1820s
  • Religious groups in North began to preach against slavery.
   
• 1833 - American Anti-Slavery Society was formed
  • Slavery was morally wrong
  • Slave owners were sinners
   
• Abolitionists - those opposed to slavery.
  • Formed Underground Railroad - Network of houses and secret place to help slaves escape to the north.
   
• After war with Mexico in 1846 - U.S. added more territory
  • Struggle over new states - slave or free
   
• Compromise of 1850
  • California admitted as free state
  • Part of Texas given to New Mexico
  • Slavery in New Mexico and Utah decided by Popular Sovereignty - vote of the people.
   
• 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed by Congress
  • Allowed both states to vote on slavery
  • Abolitionists angry - both states north of Missouri Compromise line
  • Fighting broke out
  • New anti-slavery political party was formed - Republican

• South Democrats - John C. Breckinridge
• North Democrats - Stephen Douglas
• Constitutional Party - John Bell
• Republicans - Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln won the election

• South Carolina voted to secede (break away)
• Other states soon followed and formed Confederate States of America

Arkansas seceded May 6th - the 9th state to join the South

Oklahoma Civil War Links

Most Indians sided with the South

• Many Indians slave owners
• Most crops sold to the south

• Friend of the Indians
• Attorney from Arkansas
• Helped the Indians in court
• Pike would try to get the Indians to help South

• Return Indian lands
• Pay off debts
• Support, protection, and equal rights
• Warned the Indians that the Republicans were going to open their lands to the whites

• Cherokee
  
  • Chief John Ross and followers supported the North
  • Stand Waite and followers supported the South
  • Waite's men preparing to fight
  
  
• Creek
  • Upper Creek led by Opothleyahola - loyal to North
  • Lower Creek led by Chief Motey Kennard and Daniel and Chilley McIntosh - signed treaty with Pike and South
  
  
• Seminole
  • Much of tribe split
  • John Jumper signed treaty with Pike and South
   

• Choctaw and Chickasaw
  • Fully supported the South

    

• U.S. pulled out troops and abandoned forts
• U.S. stopped all payments to Indian Territory
• Stagecoach quit traveling south

John Ross - with no support from the North - agreed to support South

Many Indians still supported the North

Upper Creeks and Opoth moved into Kansas

• November 19, 1861 - Confederate Colonel Douglas Cooper attacked group at Round Mountain
  • Cooper lost but continued to harass group
• December 26, 1861 - Battle of Chustenahlah
  • Confederate troops again attacked group
  • Battle took place in sleet and snow
  • Many women and children killed

• 1 Regiment from:
  • Texas
  • Louisianna
  • Arkansas
• 3 Indian Regiments
  • Cherokee - led by Albert Pike
  • Choctaw / Chickasaw
  • Creek / Seminole
   
• Fighting was heavy in Missouri and Arkansas
  • South was winning at this time
  • If McCulloch's troops could defeat the Union forces in Arkansas - South could control all of the Midwest
   
• Battle of Pea Ridge (Arkansas)
  • March 7, 1862
  • Confederate forces were defeated
  • McCulloch was killed and General Albert Pike now in charge
  • Indians had scalped some Union Soldiers and had done other bad things
  • Newspapers told story, getting worse with each printing
    • Weekly Gazette, Elgin, Illinois − 1862
      • March 12
      • March 20
      • March 26
      • April 2
      • April 23
      • April 30
  • Pike's reputation was destroyed
  • Turned public opinion against the Indians
  • Pike felt South abandoned Indian Territory after the battle

Opoth vowed revenge on Confederates who attacked them

• Joined forces with Union forces from:
  • Wisconsin
  • Ohio
  • Kansas
  • Indiana
• Planned to retake Indian Territory
• Marched into Indian Territory June 1, 1862
  • Defeated Confederates at Locust Grove - July 3
  • Captured Ft. Gibson and surrounded Tahlequah
    • John Ross taken into protective custody and taken to Philadelphia - would direct tribal government here
  • Union forces could have taken over Indian Territory - but troops revolted and returned to Kansas (Feared Union would abandon them in Indian Territory)

• Retook Ft.Gibson
• Burned house and property of John Ross
• Cherokee named Stand Waite as chief

• Armed bands roamed countryside attacking
• Fields and farm destroyed
• Supplies for soldiers did not arrive

• Did not apply to Indian Territory or the 4 slave states that did not leave the Union

• Held by Cherokee followers of John Ross
• Announced loyalty to North
• Abolished slavery in Cherokee nation
• Declared John Ross as chief
• Stan Waite - outlaw of Cherokee people

Union forces once again moving in Indian Territory

• Waite and forces forced to retreat south
• Union forces once again took over Tahlequah and Ft. Gibson

• Union forces defeated the Confederates
• Largest and bloodiest battle in Indian Territory
• Steamboats cold only travel this far in-land (supplies!)
• Confederate gunpowder not good (rain)
• Guns as clubs
• Indians Retreated? Texans advanced & got killed

• Indian troops under Cherokee Stand Waite and Choctaw Tandy Walker captured a Union steamship and wagon train and took $2.6 million worth of supplies. Gave to Indian people in need.

The war ended in the South but -

• Would continue on for 2 months in Indian Territory
• June 19, 1865 - Choctaw forces surrendered
• June 23, 1865 - Stand Waite and his forces gave up
• Waite was the last Confederate General to be taken in the Civil War.

Indian Territory was devastated during war.

• Soldiers returned to find noting left
• Many women and children died from disease
• Livestock, fences, and homes destroyed
• No $$$
• Tribes now split

• All slaves lost
• Lost rights to $$$ and lands from earlier treaties
• Treaties now void - must make new ones
• Tribal laws no longer valid

• Tribes must end slavery and admit slaves into tribe
• Allow railroads to cross territory
• Cherokee
  • Forced to give up 800,000 acres
• Seminole
  • Forced to sell land for 15 cents / acre
• Creek
  • Lost 3 million acres - sold for 30 cents / acre