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U.S. History Chapter 3
The Era of Good Feelings:
Political Parties Developed Again:
- Presidential Election of 1824
- The Democratic-Republican Party splintered as four separate candidates
- John Quincy Adams (30.9% of popular vote and 84 electoral votes)
- William Crawford (11.2% of popular vote and 41 electoral votes)
- Henry Clay (13.0% of popular vote)
- Had the lowest number of electoral votes (37)
- Andrew Jackson
- Jackson won the electoral vote (99), but not with majority (41.3% of popular vote)
- The election was decided by the House of Representatives - chose Adams
- Clay, Speaker of the House, chosen as Secretary of State
- Jackson followers outraged
- Adams and Jefferson died on the same day
- July 4, 1826
- 50 years after signing of Declaration of Independence
- Adams Presidency
- Strong national government
- National University
- Scientific expeditions
- Literature and the arts
- Very unpopular
- Democratic Party formed
- Presidential Election of 1828
- Adams - National Republican
- Jackson - Democratic Republican
- Jackson won (56.0% of popular vote) and became a Democrat
Andrew Jackson's Presidency:
- Differences
- From the west
- From a poor family
- No college education
- Kitchen Cabinet
- Martin Van Buren - Secretary of State
- Spoils system
- Alliance with Catholics
- Use of the veto
- Pork-barrel legislation
- Indian policy
- Indian Land Cessions - 1784-1894
- Extermination or Assimilation
- Jackson favored "Removal"
At the time Andrew Jackson became president, 125,000 Native Americans still lived east of the Mississippi River. Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians held millions of acres in what would become the southern Cotton Kingdom stretching across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.
The political question was whether these Indian tribes would be permitted to block white expansion.
Indian Territory, Northern Texas,
and New Mexico - 1844
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- Cherokees in Georgia
- 60,000 Cherokees lived in the state
- Had adjusted to the white man
- 1827 - wanted to form their own state in Georgia
- Georgia refused
- Worcester vs Georgia
- Court ruled in favor of Indians
- Jackson refused to enforce ruling
- Trail of Tears
- 1838 - 1839
- Cherokees forced west to Oklahoma
- 17,000 men, women, and children
- Traveled 800 miles
- More than 1/4 died on the way
- The Human Meaning of Removal
- First Presidential Nominating Convention
- Democratic Party - 1832
- Martin Van Buren-Vice President
- States' Rights (Dixecrat)
- Tariff of Abominations
- South opposed because Britain had less money to by cotton and could not sell the South cheap manufactured goods
- Northern business liked it
- John C. Calhoun's Nullification Theory
- V.P. under Adams and Jackson
- SC
- VA and Kentucky Resolutions
- States determine constitutionality of acts of Congress
- Secession
- Daniel Webster's response
- Great speaker
- Massachusetts
- Union is more than a compact between states
- National government supreme
- Disputes settled by courts
- Jackson sided with Webster
- Jackson dropped Calhoun from 1832 ticket
- South Carolina threatened to secede
- Congress passed the Force Bill - 1833
- Federal troops would be used to keep SC from seceding
- Henry Clay's Compromise
- Tariff lowered gradually over 10 years
- SC backed down but nullified Force Bill
- The Second Bank of the United States
- Reasons for opposition to the bank
- Symbolized Eastern wealth and power
- Threat to democracy because of its power
- State banks disliked competition
- Farmers distrusted paper money
- Had a monopoly on government business
- Profits went to wealthy stockholders rather than taxpayers
- Nicholas Biddle, the president of the bank was widely disliked
- Presidential Election of 1832
- Bank was the main issue
- Andrew Jackson
- Replaced Calhoun with Martin Van Buren
- Henry Clay
- Received $100,000 donation from the bank
- Jackson won easily with 54.2% of the popular vote
- Jackson withdrew all government deposits out of the bank and deposited them in state banks
- Biddle called in all loans
- Panic
- Biddle's plan backfired
- People blamed him not Jackson
- Bank expired in 1836
- Results of the crisis
- New York became financial capital
- Picked up fallout from loss of National Bank
- Whig Party formed - 1834
Jackson's Successors:
- Continued his policies
- Presidential Election of 1836
- Panic of 1837
- Void created by loss of national bank
- World economy
- Van Buren blamed
- Presiential Election of 1840
- Van Buren
- William Henry Harrison
- Whig
- The first active campaign for the presidency - Log Cabin Campaign
- Common man
- "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" - Harrison's campaign slogan
- William Henry Harrison was the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and John Tyler was his Vice President
- Harrison won with 52.9% of popular vote
- After giving the longest inauguration speech in U.S. history, (about 1 hour, 45 minutes - in the freezing cold), Harrison served only one month as president before dying of pneumonia on April 4, 1841.
- Harrison was the first president to die in office. His 31 days, 12 hours is the shortest term of any U.S. president.
- John Tyler became president
- Conflict with Clay and other Whigs
- States' Rights over the American System
- Use of the veto against internal improvements and a new national bank
- Legislation came to a standstill
- Entire Cabinet except Webster resigned
Jackson' Legacy:
- Strengthened presidency
- New party era
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