The Explorers (PASS: 12.1-12.4)

(Motivation, 3 min)

I. European Explorers

1. Motives for exploration
   1. Gold: the search for routes bypassing the Muslim world
   2. Glory: the competition by monarchs and states for new lands
   3. God: the drive to bring new souls into Christianity
    

   (Prince Henry, 3 min)

2. Portugal
   1. Prince Henry the Navigator
   2. Exploration of Africa:
      • Vasco da Gama
      • Cabral
      • Diaz
    
3. Spain
    
   (Columbus, 2 min)
   1. Columbus "discovers" the New World

       
      (Magellan, 2 min)

   2. Magellan circumnavigates the globe

       
      (Conquests, 2 min)

   3. The Conquistadors

       
      (Colonization, 2 min)

   4. DeSoto, Coronado and DeLeon explore the Americas
    
4. England
   1. Cabot: New England
   2. Hudson: New York and Canada
   3. Drake: circumnavigation and piracy
   4. Sir Walter Raleigh: the Jamestown colony
    
5. France
   1. LaSalle: the Mississippi basin
   2. Cartier: the St. Lawrence River and Quebec
   3. Verrazano: Newfoundland
    
6. The Netherlands
   1. Tasman: Dutch trade routes across the Indian Ocean
   2. The Dutch emerge as the major trade carriers of the 17th century

 
II. Mercantilism and the emergence of global trade

1. The Columbian Exchange
   1. Impact of potatoes, corn, tobacco, horses and other products on cultures around the world
   2. Living standards and populations rise in some areas
   3. Diseases ravage some societies, especially in the New World
    
2. Banking, insurance, and new philosophies of trade
    
3. Triangular trade links Europe, Africa and the Americas
    
4. The importance of sea power in trade

 
III. The Transatlantic Slave Trade

1. Disease and war decimates the New World, creating a labor shortage
2. Conquistadors and colonists demand new sources of labor
3. Europeans turn to Africa for slave labor
   1. Europeans of many nations barter with African states for slaves
   2. Numbers and extent of the trade (accounts vary)
   3. Olaudah Equiano: one slave's account of the Middle Passage.
   4. European opposition to the trade

 
IV. Responses to European expansion

1. Africa: King Affonso writes to the Pope, protesting the slave trade
    
2. Asia: Japan and China limit contact
   1. the Treaty Port system
   2. strong states have more bargaining power with European traders
    
3. India: divided states compete for access to European goods
    
4. The Americas: why civilizations crumble from sudden contact?